Risky anthropic reasoning in cosmology. For or against an evolutional nature of the Universe?
Abstrakt
In contemporary cosmology, from the creation of the General Theory of Relativity to the second half of the twentieth century, the main task of cosmologists was to construct and test cosmological models of the Universe. Nowadays you will notice that besides these objectives there is a new type of justifying the fact that the observable Universe’s properties are such as they are, and no other. Ways of reasoning called the anthropic explanation are formed, attempting to answer the question: why does the Universe have a nature (properties) necessary for the biological life to come into existence in it? Their objectives are: firstly, an attempt at solving the difficulties of the Standard Cosmological Model, secondly, seeking an explanation of the coincidence of large numbers and the so-called physical constants. The supporters of this kind of explanation are themselves aware of its fundamental weakness: it is neither a causal, nor a nomological explanation; it fails to have the structure of a generalizing explanation, it is alleged to be a tautology. The anthropic principle in cosmology was initially regarded as an observational constrain for cosmological parameters of the standard model of the Universe. However, it can be shown that some consequences of anthropic reasoning are testable, as well as that its explanatory nature is more evident in the specific forms of the theory of explanation.
Bibliografia
Anderson, J. L. (1987). Review: The anthropic cosmological principle, John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, 706 pp. Oxford U.P., New York, 1986, Physics Today 40 : 84-86.
Barrow, J. D. and Tipler, F. J., 1986. The anthropic cosmological principle. Oxford University Press, New York.
Carr, B. J. and Rees, M. J. (1979). The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world, Nature 278 : 605-612.
Carter, B. (1974). Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. In: Longair, M. S. (Ed.), Confrontation of cosmological theories with observational data. Proceedings of the IAU Symposium 63, D. Reidel Publishing Co..
Ćirković, M. M. (2002). On the first anthropic argument in astrobiology, Earth, Moon and Planets 91 : 243-254.
Collins, C. B. and Hawking, S. W. (1973). Why is the Universe isotropic?, Astrophysical Journal 180 : 317-334.
Collins, R. (2012). Modern cosmology and anthropic fine-tuning: Three approaches. In: Holder, R. & Mitton, S. (Ed.), Georges Lemaître: Life, science and legacy, Springer.
Dicke, R. H. (1961). Dirac’s cosmology and Mach’s principle, Nature 192 : 440-441.
Dirac, P. A. M. (1937). The cosmological constants, Nature 139 : 323.
Earman, J. (1987). The sap also rises: A critical examination of the anthropic principle, American Philosophical Quarterly 24 : 307-317.
Fulmer, G. (2001). A fatal logical flaw in anthropic principle design arguments, Journal for Philosophy of Religion 49 : 101-110.
Garrett, A. (1992). A Bayesian looks at the anthropic principle. In: Smith, C. R.; Erickson, G. J. & Neudorfer, P. O. (Ed.), Maximum entropy and Bayesian methods, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Griffiths, D. J. (2001). Book Reviews: Cosmology: The Science of the Universe, 2nd ed., Edward Harrison, Cambridge U.P., New York, 1981 (Laurence A. Marschall, Reviewer), American Journal of Physics 69 : 523.
Guth, A. H. (1981). Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems, Physical Review D 23 : 347-356.
Kanitscheider, B. (1991). The anthropic principle and its epistemological status in modern physical cosmology. In: Agazzi, E. & Cordero, A. (Ed.), Philosophy and the origin and evolution of the Universe, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Koonin, E. V. (2007). The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life, Biology Direct 2 : 1-21.
Leciejewski, S., 2007. Rola zasad antropicznych w rozwoju współczesnej kosmologii. Studium metodologiczne. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Filozofii UAM, Poznań.
Leslie, J. (1992). Design and the anthropic principle, Biology and Philosophy 7 : 349-354.
McMullin, E. (1993). Indifference principle and anthropic principle in cosmology, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24 : 359-389.
Mosterín, J. (2005). Anthropic explanations in cosmology. In: Hájek, P.; Valdés-Villanueva, L. & Westerståhl, D. (Ed.), Logic, methodology and philosophy of science. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress, King's College Publications.
Rudnicki, K., 2002. Zasady kosmologiczne. Wyższa Szkoła Ochrony Środowiska, Bydgoszcz.
Vidal, C. (2010). Computational and biological analogies for understanding fine-tuned parameters in physics, Foundations of Science 15 : 375-393.
Vilenkin, A. (2003). Anthropic approach to the cosmological constant problems, International Journal of Theoretical Physics 42 : 1193-1209.
Rocznik przyjmuje do druku wyłącznie materiały, które nie wchodzą w żaden konflikt interesów, żaden konflikt z prawem autorskim itp. Redakcja prowadzi działania przeciw: plagiatom, ghostwriting1, guest/honorary authorship2 itp. Autor pracy zbiorowej, który jest pierwszy na liście, bierze na siebie odpowiedzialność i ma obowiązek przedstawić wkład wszystkich współautorów. Jeśli publikacja powstała dzięki dedykowanym środkom finansowym, należy ujawnić to np. w Podziękowaniu, przypisie itp. Ew. przedruki wymagają jawnego zgłoszenia i okazania odpowiedniego pozwolenia wydawniczego. Autorzy / Recenzenci nierzetelni narażają się na reakcję właściwą stosownym instytucjom.
______
1 Ma to miejsce, gdy osoba mająca istotny wkład jest pominięta na liście Autorów czy w Podziękowaniu.
2 Zachodzi, gdy na liście autorskiej pojawia się osoba mająca znikomy/żaden udział w pracy.
