Continuity and Change from the Mongol Empire to the Crimean Khanate

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of the initial protocol used in Mongol imperial decrees, tracing its development from the thirteenth century Mongol Empire throughout the period of Golden Horde to the Crimean Khanate. It highlights the continuity of Genghisid diplomatic and bureaucratic traditions– particularly the use of the formula sözüm/sözümüz ‘my/ our word’– that despite religious and cultural transformations throughout several centuries. Furthermore, the article demonstrates how this early Mongol tradition was adapted into a distinctive Crimean Tatar corroborating sign (tuġra) under the political and cultural influence of the Ottoman Empire.