Factors Determining the Accessibility of Urban Spaces for Everyone
Abstract
The article aims to analyze and compare the key determinants of the systemic implementation of universal design in urban spaces. The research clarifies the concepts of system-based approaches and effectiveness, and discusses the necessary criteria and outcomes to achieve them. The effectiveness of universal design is analyzed through three main approaches: the implementation of universal design according to the PN-EN 17161:2019 standard; design for all based on the HUMBLES method; and inclusive design adopting the Head, Heart, Hand approach (Empathy, Clarity, Creativity) and the Design Thinking methodology. The article presents three accessibility implementation tools used in select European countries. In the United Kingdom, it is the RIBA Outlay Inclusive Design Outlay. In Ireland, it is the Disability Access Certificate. In Poland, it is the Model Accessibility Description employed in Warsaw. The article examines the extent to which each tool addresses user needs and evaluates the impact of such an approach on the effectiveness of actions. The final section of the article presents the results of a doctoral thesis titled A Systemic Approach to Implementing Universal Design and Architectural Accessibility Standards in Warsaw, which analyzed factors shaping universal design implementation mechanisms. Interpretations of the PN-EN 17161 standard and the Accessibility Strategy developed by Historic England showcase effective strategies for systemic accessibility implementation.
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