Parents’ perspectives on the (non)presence of educational partnership in parent–teacher relationships: Research report
Abstract
Research objectives and problems: Guided by the belief that recognizing parental subjectivity is essential for students’ effective functioning in school, this qualitative study sought to examine how parents of early school-aged children conceptualize educational partnership with teachers and how they experience it in practice. The research focused on identifying factors such as the types of communication between teachers and parents, teachers’ perceptions of parents’ competencies, areas of shared parent–teacher interaction, and both parties’ attitudes toward educational support. In parents’ view, these factors shape—and often determine—the quality of their educational partnership with teachers.
The main research questions guiding the study were:
- What meanings do parents attribute to the concept of educational partnership in early school education?
- How do parents experience educational partnership in the school setting?
Research methods: The study is situated within an interpretive qualitative paradigm and employs individual, open-ended interviews with parents of early school-aged children. Analysis of the research material involved identifying and describing thematic categories emerging from the statements of the respondents to illustrate how parents understand the essence of parent–teacher educational partnership and how it is enacted in practice.
Process of argumentation: The article begins with an analysis of theoretical concepts and empirical studies concerning the participation of educational stakeholders, demonstrating the importance of educational partnership in the parent–teacher relationship for enhancing the effectiveness of teaching and upbringing. The need for pedagogical support and parent education is emphasized. The issue of educational partnership is examined from a subjective and constructivist perspective, according to which partnership interactions should involve knowledge exchange, negotiation, collaborative problem-solving, and the joint optimization of educational and developmental processes in both school and family environments.
Research results and their impact on the development of pedagogical sciences:
The findings indicate that parents are well aware of the importance of their participation in their children’s school education. In their view, the presence and quality of an educational partnership depend primarily on how teachers build and shape relationships with parents. The response categories identified during the analysis reveal varying conceptualizations of educational partnership, as well as diverse ways in which parents experience such partnerships in practice. This article contributes to a line of research aimed at transforming early childhood education practices to create space for parents’ full participation in their children’s learning—supported by both teachers and the school.
Conclusions and/or recommendations: The analysis allowed for formulating several actions that schools and teachers must undertake to create conditions for an effective educational partnership with parents. The study underscores the importance of teachers adopting a dialogical, open, and creative stance when shaping communication with parents. The conclusions presented here may support efforts to develop new solutions to implementing the idea of teacher and parent subjectivity in the education of young children.
References
Babbie, E. (2008). Podstawy badań społecznych [The basics of social research]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Balukiewicz, A. M. (2008). O potrzebie pedagogizacji rodziców uczniów szkoły specjalnej [On the need to share pedagogical knowledge among parents of students of special school]. In A. Stankowski (Ed.), Nauczyciel i rodzina w świetle specjalnych potrzeb edukacyjnych dziecka. Szkic monograficzny [Teacher and the family in light of the child’s special educational needs] (pp. 83–99). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Banaczyk, M. (2011). Kultura pedagogiczna rodziców dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym (w świetle badań w Województwie Podkarpackim) [Pedagogical culture of parents of kindergarten children (in light of research in the Podkarpacie Province)]. Wydawnictwo Diecezji Rzeszowskiej.
Cankar, F., Deutsch, T., & Kolar, M. (2023). Teachers and parents – partners with different expectations [Nauczyciele i rodzice – partnerzy z odmiennymi oczekiwaniami]. International Journal about Parents in Education, 3(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.54195/ijpe.18158
Christopher, C. J. (2004). Nauczyciel – rodzic. Skuteczne porozumiewanie się [Teacher–parent. Effective communication] (J. Bartosik, Trans.). Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Cudak, H. (2011). Kształtowanie kultury pedagogicznej młodzieży w programach szkolnych [Shaping pedagogical culture of adolescents in school curriculum]. Pedagogika Rodziny, 1(1), 9–17.
Czerepaniak-Walczak, M. (2018). Proces emancypacji kultury szkoły [Emancipation process of school culture]. Wolters Kluwer.
Dubis, M. (2016). Trójpodmiotowość w szkole a profilaktyka zachowań ryzykownych młodzieży [Three-party approach at school and prevention of risky behaviors among adolescents]. In O. Zamecka-Zalas & I. Kiełtyk-Zaborowska (Eds.), Obraz rodziny i szkoły w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym [The image of the family and school from the interdisciplinary approach] (pp. 45–63). Wydawnictwo Piotrkowskie przy Filii UJK.
Dubis, M. (2019). Współpraca: nauczyciel – uczeń – rodzic. Wymiary relacji wychowawczej i edukacyjnej [Cooperation: Teacher–student–parent. The extent of the upbringing and educational relation]. Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana, 22(1), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.12775/SPI.2019.1.008
Epstein, J. L. (2007). Improving family and community involvement in secondary schools [Poprawa zaangażowania rodziny i społeczności w szkołach średnich]. Principal Leadership, 8(2), 16–22.
Gawlicz, K., Rudnicki, P., Tokarz, T., & Starnawski, M. (Eds.). (2014). Demokracja i edukacja. Dylematy, diagnozy, doświadczenia [Democracy and education: Dilemmas, diagnosis and experiences]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej we Wrocławiu.
Gołębniak, B. D. (2004). Szkoła wspomagająca rozwój [School supporting development]. In Z. Kwieciński & B. Śliwerski (Eds.), Pedagogika. Podręcznik akademicki. Tom 2. PWN.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2000). Metody badań terenowych [Ethnography: Principles in practice] (S. Dymczyk, Trans.). Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
Janke, A. W. (2004). Trójpodmiotowe partnerstwo w stosunkach rodziny i szkoły. Model „wspólnie z dzieckiem” [Three-party partnership in family–school relations. The "Together with the Child" model]. In I. Nowosad & M. J. Szymański (Eds.), Nauczyciele i rodzice. W poszukiwaniu nowych znaczeń i interpretacji współpracy [Teachers and parents. In search for new meanings and interpretations of cooperation] (pp. 129–162). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego.
Jurgiel, A. (2009). O możliwościach poznawczych fenomenografii [On the cognitive possibilities of phenomenography]. Pedagogika Kultury, 5, 97–104.
Karbowniczek, J. (2016). Zasada partnerstwa edukacyjnego [The principle of educational partnership]. Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce, 11(2), 71–84.
Kochanowska, E. (2007). W poszukiwaniu modelu pedagogicznego wspierania rodziny przez szkołę [In search for pedagogical model of school supporting a family]. In W. Korzeniowska, A. Murzyn, & U. Szuścik (Eds.), Rodzina – w świetle zagrożeń realizacji dotychczasowych funkcji. Szkice monograficzne [Family – in the light of dangers in implementing previous functions. Monographic sketches] (pp. 145–155). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Kołodziejczyk, J. (2011). Partycypacja uczniów i rodziców w zarządzaniu szkołą [Participation of students and their parents in school management]. In G. Mazurkiewicz (Ed.), Ewaluacja w nadzorze pedagogicznym. Refleksje [Evaluation in pedagogical supervision. Reflections] (pp. 179–199). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Kołodziejczyk, J., Walczak, B., & Kasprzak, T. (2012). Rodzice – partnerzy szkoły? Perspektywa ewaluacyjna [Parents – school partners? Evaluation perspective]. Polityka Społeczna, 9(1), 33–36.
Konecki, K. (2000). Studia z metodologii badań jakościowych. Teoria ugruntowana [Studies in qualitative research methodology. Grounded theory]. PWN.
Kopeć, E. (2014). Sposoby pozyskiwania wiedzy o wychowaniu przez rodziców (na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań) [Methods of acquiring knowledge about upbringing by parents (based on conducted research)]. Studia z Teorii Wychowania, 1(8), 115–132.
Krüger, H. H. (2007). Metody badań w pedagogice [Research methods in pedagogy]. GWP.
Kvale, S. (2004). InterViews. Wprowadzenie do jakościowego wywiadu badawczego [InterViews. Introduction to qualitative research interview] (S. Zabielski, Trans.). Wydawnictwo Uniwersyteckie Trans Humana.
Loughran, S. B. (2008). The importance of teacher/parent partnerships: Preparing preservice and in-service teachers [Znaczenie partnerstwa pomiędzy nauczycielem i rodzicem: przygotowanie nauczycieli przed i po rozpoczęciu pracy zawodowej]. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 5(8), 35–38.
Lulek, B. (2012). Rodzice w szkole: dziedziny współdecydowania rodziny o sprawach szkoły: stan rzeczywisty i postulowany [Parents at school: Areas of family co-decision-making regarding school matters: Actual and proposed state]. In B. Lulek (Ed.), Rodzina i szkoła: między współpracą a współzawodnictwem (pp. 265–285). Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia.
Meighan, R. (2005). Comparing learning systems: The good, the bad, the ugly, and the counterproductive, and why many home-based educating families found a learning system which fits for a democracy [Porównanie systemów nauczania: dobre, złe, brzydkie i nieproduktywne oraz dlaczego wiele rodzin edukujących w domu znalazło system nauczania, który pasuje do demokracji]. Educational Heretics Press.
Mendel, M. (2004). Aktywna szkoła – bierni rodzice: anomia, mit czy przemieszczenie znaczeń? [Active school – passive parents: Anomie, myth or displacement of meanings?] In A. W. Janke (Ed.), Pedagogika rodziny na progu XXI wieku [Pedagogy of a family on the threshold of the 21st century] (pp. 297–310). Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne Akapit.
Mendel, M. (2004). Animacja współpracy środowiskowej [Animation of environmental cooperation]. In M. Mendel (Ed.), Animacja współpracy środowiskowej [Animation of environmental cooperation] (pp. 11–33). Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.
Męczkowska, A. (2002). Od świadomości nauczyciela do konstrukcji świata społecznego. Nauczycielskie koncepcje wymagań dydaktycznych a problem rekonstrukcji kompetencji ucznia [From the teacher’s consciousness to the construction of the social world: Teachers' concepts of didactic requirements and the problem of reconstructing student competences]. Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.
Miczka-Pajestka, M. (2013). Nauczyciel wobec wyzwań ponowoczesności [Teacher facing the challenges of postmodernity]. In E. Kochanowska & J. Skibska (Eds.), Nauczyciel wobec wyzwań współczesności – dylematy, poszukiwania i inspiracje [Teachers facing the challenges of modern times – dilemmas, searches and inspirations] (pp. 59–72). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Techniczno-Humanistycznej.
Milerski, B., & Śliwerski, B. (Eds.). (2000). Pedagogika. Leksykon [Pedagogy. Lexicon]. PWN.
Neuman, W. L. (1994). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches [Metody badań socjologicznych: Podejście jakościowe i ilościowe]. Allyn and Bacon.
Silverman, D. (2008). Interpretacja danych jakościowych. Metody analizy rozmowy, tekstu i interakcji [Interpreting qualitative data. Methods of conversation analysis and interpretation] (M. Głowacka-Grajper & J. Ostrowska, Trans.). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Skreczko, M. (2001). Pedagogizacja rodziców w zakresie wychowania prorodzinnego dziecka [Parental pedagogical education in the field of family-oriented upbringing of a child]. Studia nad Rodziną, 5(1), 175–182.
Suryani, A. (2013). Home-school interaction: Remodelling a framework of parents–teachers relationship for supporting students’ learning [Interakcja dom–szkoła: Przebudowa modelu relacji rodzic–nauczyciel dla wsparcia procesu uczenia się u dzieci]. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 6(1), 1–19.
Śliwerski, B. (2004). Możliwości rozpoznawania sensu współdziałania szkoły, rodziców i uczniów w społeczeństwie wolnorynkowym [Possibilities of recognizing the meaning of cooperation between school, parents and students in a free market society]. In I. Nowosad & M. J. Szymański (Eds.), Nauczyciele i rodzice. W poszukiwaniu nowych znaczeń i interpretacji współpracy [Teachers and parents. In search of new meanings and interpretations of cooperation] (pp. 39–46). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego.
Śliwerski, B. (2001). Program wychowawczy szkoły [The school’s educational program]. WSiP.
Śliwerski, B. (2014). Rodzice a demokratyzacja zarządzania szkołą [Parents and the democratization of school management]. Studia Pedagogiczne, 67, 85–104.
Śliwerski, B. (2017). Meblowanie szkolnej demokracji [Furnishing school democracy]. Wolters Kluwer.
Szkudlarek, T. (1997). Poststrukturalizm a metodologia pedagogiki [Poststructuralism and the methodology of pedagogy]. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Socjologia Wychowania, 13(317).
Tłuczek-Tadla, E. (2022). Demokratyzacja edukacji w liceach – jak ją rozumieją uczniowie? [Democratization of education in secondary schools – How do students understand it?]. Kultura – Przemiany – Edukacja, 9, 82–104. https://doi.org/10.15584/kpe.2022.11.4
Wiatr, M. (2019). Rodzice w edukacji – między dyskursem instrumentalno-technicznym a krytyczno-emancypacyjnym [Parents in education – Between instrumental-technical and critical-emancipatory discourse]. Studia Edukacyjne, 54, 199–220. https://doi.org/10.14746/se.2019.54.12
Zalewska-Bujak, M. (2020). Współpraca nauczycieli z rodzicami uczniów – przez pryzmat nauczycielskich narracji [Cooperation between teachers and students’ parents – Through the prism of teachers’ narratives]. Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, 65(2), 154–176. https://doi.org/10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2020-2.9
Zwiernik, J. (2015). Podejścia badawcze w poznawaniu wiedzy dziecka [Research approaches in learning about child’s knowledge]. Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja, 18(1), 1–69.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ewa Kochanowska

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
-
The Author/Authors declares/declare that their publication is original has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere and does not include borrowings from other works which might cause Publisher's responsibility, does not infringe the rights of the third party and that their copyright on this publication is not limited. The Author/Authors will incur all the costs and will pay compensations which might result from the mendacity of the following statement.
-
The Author/Authors declares/declare that issues about publication ethics, have been appropriately considered.
-
The Author/Authors agrees/agree to publish the article free of charge in Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education in English or Spanish. The Editorial Board reserves the right to shorten the texts and change the titles.
-
As part of free publication mentioned in § 1, the Author/Authors agrees/agree to make the full electronic version of their article available in the Internet.
- The Author/Authors agrees/agree to index their article in databases at home and abroad, including abstracts and keywords as well as Authors’ affiliation in English and in other languages. The Author/Authors agrees/agree to pass on the information mentioned above to the owners of these databases.
-
The Author/Authors declares/declare that the article is free of plagiarism.
-
The Author/Authors declares/declare that funding and conflict of interest information has been included in the article.
-
The Author/Authors accepts/accept that the author is aware of the consequences of scientific dishonesty, which, once detected, will be documented and disclosed to the public, and information about it will be communicated to the relevant institutions (universities employing the authors, scientific societies, publishing houses, etc.).
-
The Author/Authors declares/declare to publish the text in the Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0).
- For one Author. Please complete the Author Statement and send it to the editorial office. Please download, complete, scan and attach the file in the system during the submission process.
Download: Author Statement -
For more than one Author. The Authors declare to bear complete responsibility for the scientific reliability of the article submitted. The detailed contribution of all co-authors is defined. Please complete the Authors Statement-Authorship Contributions and send it to the editorial office. Please indicate the specific contributions made by each author (list the authors’ initials, e.g., JKH). Please download, complete, scan and attach the file in the system during the submission process.
Download: Authors Statement - Authorship Contributions
