The burnout buffer? Volunteering and resilience in pre-service teacher development

Keywords: volunteer teaching, teacher burnout, student educators, teaching identity, professional development, early career stress

Abstract

Research objectives (aims) and problem(s): The study investigates whether volunteering in educational settings can reduce burnout among student educators and shape their professional identity. Using a case study of language education students, the research explores how volunteering affects resilience, motivation, and perceptions of teaching.

Research methods: The study employs a mixed-methods approach using psychometric survey data and qualitative interviews. Quantitative instruments measured burnout and life satisfaction, while interviews focused on students’ motivation, emotional demands, and institutional support.

Process of argumentation: This study draws on the author’s experience as founder of the Study Buddy volunteering programme. Although volunteer teaching is widely recognized as a valued developmental experience, its psychological costs and benefits remain underexplored, mainly in pre-service teacher contexts. This study fills that gap by questioning how structured volunteer programmes can either buffer or exacerbate early career burnout.

Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: Volunteer teaching enhanced professional confidence and emotional engagement, creating potential for burnout prevention. Participants also reported emotional fatigue and stress related to a lack of institutional support. Strong intrinsic motivation emerged as a protective factor, while institutional gaps intensified strain.

Conclusions and/or recommendations: Volunteer teaching should be recognized as a formative phase of teacher growth. Institutions must offer structured mentoring, reflective supervision, and formal recognition to ensure that such experiences build long-term resilience and reduce the potential for burnout.

References

Baker, L. (2018). From learner to teacher assistant: Community‐based service‐learning in a dual‐language classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 51(4), 796–815. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12363

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Barger, S. D., Donoho, C. J., & Wayment, H. A. (2009). The relative contributions of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, health, and social relationships to life satisfaction in the United States. Quality of Life Research, 18(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-008-9426-2

Blackmore, J., Hobbs, L., & Rowlands, J. (2023). Aspiring teachers, financial incentives, and principals’ recruitment practices in hard-to-staff schools. Journal of Education Policy, 39(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2023.2193170

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Brunsting, N. C., Sreckovic, M. A., & Lane, K. L. (2014). Special education teacher burnout: A synthesis of research from 1979 to 2013. Education and Treatment of Children, 37, 681–711. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0032

Chang, M.-L. (2013). Toward a theoretical model to understand teacher emotions and teacher burnout in the context of student misbehavior: Appraisal, regulation and coping. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 799–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9335-0

Chirkowska-Smolak, T., & Kleka, P. (2011). The Maslach burnout inventory–general survey: Validation across different occupational groups in Poland. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 42(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10059-011-0014-x

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle while you work. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311429379

Fényes, H., Markos, V., & Mohácsi, M. (2021). Volunteering among higher education students. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 12(2), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.14267/CJSSP.2021.2.1

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: And sex and drugs and rock “n” roll (4th ed.). Sage.

Forster, D. J., Archer, J., & Tajin, R. T. (2015). Volunteering within initial teacher education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(11). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2015v40n11.10

Fredricks, J. A. (2011). Engagement in school and out-of-school contexts. Theory Into Practice, 50, 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2011.607401

Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059

Fredricks, J., McColskey, W., Meli, J., Mordica, J., Montrosse, B., & Mooney, K. (2011). Measuring student engagement in upper elementary through high school (REL 2011 –No. 098). Institute of Education Sciences.

Garcia, E., & Weiss, E. (2019, March 26). The teacher shortage is real, large and growing, and worse than we thought. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-large-and-growing-and-worse-than-we-thought-the-first-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-market-series

Grayson, J. L., & Alvarez, H. K. (2008). School climate and teacher burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.06.005

Heffner, A. L., & Antaramian, S. P. (2016). Life satisfaction and student achievement. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1681–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9665-1

Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart. University of California Press.

Jankowski, K. S. (2015). Is the shift in chronotype associated with well-being? Biological Rhythm Research, 46, 237–248.

Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224

Johnston, R. C. (2023). Characteristics of high-performing volunteer nonprofit board members [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.

Kelly, D. (2023). Benefits of volunteerism across the life span. Advances in Applied Sociology, 13, 457–465. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2023.136028

Lavy, S. (2022). A meaningful boost. AERA Open, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221079857

Locke, M., Ellis, A., & Smith, J. D. (2003). Hold on to what you’ve got. Voluntary Action, 5(3), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018785472

Malach-Pines, A. (2005). The burnout measure, short version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). Measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205

Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Metzger, T., Nguyen, N., Le, H., Havo, D., Ngo, K., Lee, S., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, Q., Tran, L., Tong, N., Le, C., & Dudovitz, R. (2024). Does volunteering decrease burnout? Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1387494. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387494

Moreno-Jiménez, M. P., & Villodres, M. (2010). Prediction of burnout in volunteers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 1798–1818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00640.x

Mori, G. B. (2025). Motivations, benefits, and challenges of students volunteering in civil society organizations: A scoping review. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 8(2), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v8i2.2564

Nickel, J., & Crosby, S. (2022). Professional identity in early career teachers. Teaching Education, 33(3), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2021.1895107

O’Donnell, K. C., & Reschly, A. L. (2020). Student engagement and learning: Attention, behavioral, and emotional difficulties in school. In A. J. Martin, R. A. Sperling, & K. J. Newton (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology and students with special needs (pp. 557–583). Routledge.

Perry-Hazan, L., & Birnhack, M. (2019). Caught on camera: Teachers’ surveillance in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 78(1), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.11.021

Pietluch, A., & Trinder, M. (2024). Student engagement and burnout in Poland. Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education, 13(2), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.35765/mjse.2024.1326/21

Pines, A., & Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout: Causes and cures. Free Press.

Renshaw, T. L., & Cohen, A. S. (2014). Life satisfaction and college student functioning. Social Indicators Research, 117(1), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0342-7

Resuello, L. J. R., Gara, M., & David, G. R. M. (2024). National learning camps and teacher volunteers. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), 2182–2195. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0245

Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Mayo, M. (2010). Work-family balance and energy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.07.001

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Engagement and burnout. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Schmitter, C., Zisselman, M., & Woldow, A. (2003). Life satisfaction in centenarians. Annals of Long-Term Care, 7(2), 437–442.

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001

Sowa, J. E., & Piatak, J. S. (2024). Volunteer management: A strategic approach. Routledge.

Vittersø, J. (2025). Humanistic wellbeing: Toward a value-based science of the good life. Springer.

Wondimu, H., & Admas, G. (2024). The motivation and engagement of student volunteers in volunteerism at the University of Gondar. Discover Global Society, 2, 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00049-5

Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Pawliszko, J. (2026). The burnout buffer? Volunteering and resilience in pre-service teacher development. Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education, 15(1 (29), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.35765/mjse.2026.1529.14