The Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Use in Crisis Management in Poland

Słowa kluczowe: zarządzanie kryzysowe, bezzałogowe statki powietrzne (BSP), bezzałogowy statek powietrzny operacyjny (UOA), UAVs loty bezzałogowych statków powietrznych

Abstrakt

W artykule omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia zarządzania kryzysowego (ZK) w odniesieniu do użycia bezzałogowych systemów powietrznych (BSP) w obszarze panowania nad kryzysem oraz zarządzania umożliwiającego efektywne wykorzystanie BSP. Przedstawione rozwiązania aktualizacji ZK w zakresie wykorzystania BSP stanowią istotną część tego opracowania, w którym opisano i podsumowano zasadnicze składowe i funkcje tego systemu. W obszarze ZK funkcjonuje wiele instytucji ustanowionych hierarchicznie od centralnego organu aż po komórki w samorządach lokalnych i siłach oraz środkach realizujących zadania. W opracowaniu podkreśliliśmy, że zadania wykonywane w ramach ZK mają na celu głównie rolę prewencyjną. Przeprowadzone przez nas badanie i uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na wyciągnięcie wniosków mówiących o możliwych sposobach minimalizowania skutków kataklizmów, np. powodzi, erupcji wulkanów, huraganów, tornad, obfitych opadów śniegu, w tym lawin, ekstremalnych upałów czy mrozów dzięki efektywnemu i racjonalnemu wykorzystaniu ZK. Ponadto, użycie dronów w celach reagowania kryzysowego będzie odgrywać znaczącą rolę w obecnych warunkach i może ułatwić oraz zoptymalizować procesy i przedsięwzięcia pomocowe. Podkreślono nieodłączność wystąpienia ryzyka aktywności terrorystycznej związanej z rozwojem obszaru cyberprzestrzeni i jej bezpieczeństwa jako jednego z czynników związanego z obszarem ZK. W konsekwencji artykuł przedstawia wyzwania ZK w zakresie wystąpienia przyszłych sytuacji kryzysowych w relacji do rozwoju technologii i możliwości użycia BSP. Mając na uwadze wykorzystanie BSP w ZK, zaznaczono konieczność dostosowania procedur do przepisów prawa międzynarodowego i narodowego (szczebel krajowy, resortowy, wojewódzki, powiatowy i gminny). Podsumowując, w naszej opinii dostępne obecnie możliwości BSP zdecydowanie wpłyną korzystnie na wszelkie przedsięwzięcia podjęte w ramach działań zarządzania kryzysowego. Zarządzanie kryzysowe w odniesieniu do BSP jest korzystne zarówno dla dotkniętej kryzysem społeczności, jak i dla udzielających pomocy, np. wykorzystując funkcjonujący do zbierania i przekazywania danych kryzysowych system BSP.

Biogramy autorów

Monika Ostrowska, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University

Professor at Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, where she has been a faculty member since 2012. She earned her degree in Pedagogy and Defense Education from the University of the National Education Commission, Krakow (2001), followed by Ph.Ds in Physical Culture Sciences (2008) and Pedagogical Sciences (2009). She achieved habilitation in Social Sciences in 2012. Previously, researcher and lecturer in the Department of Education for Safety and the Depart- ment of General Safety at Jerzy Kukuczka University of Physical Educa- tion in Katowice. At Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, she has served as Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Security Studies since 2009, rep- resentative of the Dean for scientific research (2015–present), chair of the Science Committee, deputy director of the Institute of National Security,

Michal Pružinský, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University

Graduated from the Military Technical University in Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia, in 1977 and earned his doctorate at the Mili- tary Academy in Brno, Czech Republic, in 1983. A retired Colonel, he spe- cialized in the operational and combat use of the Armed Forces, focusing on special technical and logistical support. He habilitated as an Associate Professor in 1987 and completed an International Fellowship at the US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, in 1995. In 1999, he was awarded the title of professor by the President of the Slovak Repub- lic. Held various senior positions, including roles at the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense of Slovakia, and served as Rector-Commandant of the Military Academy in Liptovský Mikuláš before retiring from the Armed Forces. Since 2012, he has been a lectu- rer at Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, teaching courses on Security Theory, Internal Security of the European Union, and Crisis Situations in an International Framework.

Cezary Podlasiński, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University

Lieutenant General with 39 years of service in the Armed Forces and a Professor at Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow Uni- versity since 2016. He graduated from the Armored Forces Officers’ Col- lege, the National Defense University, and completed postgraduate stu- dies in Euro-Atlantic Integration and Security and national security. His career spanned from basic to senior operational and training roles, inclu- ding military missions in Iraq and Afghanistan, where he led operational and training activities with the 10th Armored Cavalry Brigade in Ghazni province. Honored with the Commander’s Cross of the Order of the Mili- tary Cross and the American Legion of Merit. He contributed to the estab- lishment of the Land Operations Center – Land Component Command and the EU Strategic Military Command. His expertise extends to drones in commercial applications. As a lecturer, he focuses on Cyber Security, Crisis Management, the state security system, Civil Defense, and Interna- tional Humanitarian Law.

Bibliografia

Amatya, B., Lee, S.Y., Galea, M.P., Khan, F. (2020). Disaster Rehabilitation Response Plan Now or Never. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Volume: 99 Issue: 2, 170-177. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001308
Bosomworth, K., Owen, Ch., Curnin, S. (2017). Addressing challenges for future strategic-level emergency management: reframing, networking, and capacity-building. In Disasters Volume: 41 Issue: 2, Pages: 306-323. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12196.
Caroti, G., Piemonte, A., Pieracci, Y. (2017). UAV-Borne Photogrammetric Survey as USAR Firefighter Teams Support. Edited by: Gervasi, O; Murgante, B; Misra, S; Borruso, G; Torre, CM; Rocha, AMAC; Taniar, D; Apduhan, BO; Stankova, E; Cuzzocrea, A Book Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume: 10407, 3-15. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62401-3_1.
Civil Aviation Authority. (2020). Register of Airline Personnel. Warsaw. Cited [2021-10-12]. [in Polish] Retrieved from:
https://www.ulc.gov.pl/_download/%C5%9Awiadectwa_kwalifikacji_wydane_jako_nowe_w_2020_r.pdf and data from previous years
European Union, 2019c. Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). 2019. EASA - Easy Access Rules for Normal-Category Aeroplanes (CS-23). 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/easy-access-rules/easy-access-rules-normal-category-aeroplanes-cs-23
European Union. (2019b). Regulation (EU) 2019/947 of 24 May 2019 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft. Retrieved from: https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/regulations/commission-implementing-regulation-eu-2019947
European Union. (2019a). Regulation (EU) 2019/945 of 12 March 2019 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third-country operators of unmanned aircraft system. Retrieved from: https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/regulations/commission-delegated-regulation-eu-2019945
Hazelton, J. (2017). Drone Strikes and Grand Strategy: Toward a Political Understanding of the Uses of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks in US Security Policy. Journal of Strategic Studies Volume: 40 Issue: 1-2, 68-91 DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2016.1196589.
Heen, M.S.J., Lieberman, JD., Miethe, T.D. (2018). The thin blue line meets the big blue sky: perceptions of police legitimacy and public attitudes towards aerial drones. Criminal Justice Studies, Volume 31, 2018 - Issue 1, 18-37 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2017.1404463.
Huntsman, D., Greer, A., Murphy, H. et al. (2021). Enhancing adaptive performance in emergency response: Empowerment practices and the moderating role of tempo balance. SAFETY SCIENCE Volume: ‏ 1Article Number: 105060. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105060.
International Civil Aviation Organization. (1944). Convention on International Civil Aviation - Doc 7300, also known as the Chicago Convention.
https://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/doc7300.aspx)
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2018b). ICAO ANNEX 2, 10th Edition, November 8, 2018. Rules of the Air. Includes all amendments and changes through Amendment 47, July 12, 2021.
https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?item_s_key=00400939
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2018a). ICAO ANNEX 15 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, 16th Edition, July 2018. Convention on International Civil Aviation. Aeronautical Information Services, Chapter 5, point 5.1.1.1
https://www.icao.int/WACAF/Documents/Meetings/2018/AIS%20to%20AIM/DP-4A%20-%20ATTACHMENT-Consolidated%20clean%20version%20Annex%2015.pdf
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2020). ICAO ANNEX 11, 15th Edition, 2020. Complete Document Air Traffic Services. Includes all amendments and changes through Amendment 52, 2020. https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?item_s_key=00400970
Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. (2002). Act of 18 April 2002 item 558 about the state of a natural disaster and Act of 15 September 2017 item 1897 Announcement of the Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland on the publication of the uniform text of the Act on the state of natural disaster.
https://eli.gov.pl/api/acts/DU/2002/558/text/U/D20020558Lj.pdf

Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. (2007). Act of 26 April 2007 item 590 on crisis management as amended. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20070890590
Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. (2017). Act of 24 February 2017 item 570 Announcement of the Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland of February 24, 2017 on the publication of the uniform text of the Act on the computerization of the activities of entities performing public tasks. https://www.prawo.egospodarka.pl/akty/dziennik-ustaw/2017/000/570
Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. (2018a). Act of 14 June 2018 item 1183 Announcement of the Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland of June 14 2018 on the publication of the consolidated text of the Act - Aviation Law. http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001183)
Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. (2018b). Regulation of The Minister of Infrastructure of 27 December 2018 on the structure of Polish airspace and the detailed conditions and manner of using this space. Chapter 3. Use of the Airspace, § 18 point 2.2. item 619. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190000619
Miyazato, T., Uehara, W., Nagayama, I. (2019). Development of a free viewpoint pedestrian recognition system using deep learning for multipurpose flying drone. In Electronics and Communications in Japan, Volume: 102, ‏ 16-24DOI: 10.1002/ecj.12215.
Oktari, R.S., Munadi, K., Idroes, R., Sofyan, H. (2020). Knowledge management practices in disaster management: Systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Volume: 51, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101881
Polish Government Security Center. (2020). National Crisis Management Plan, update 2020-part A, page 3.
https://www.bing.com/search?q=Krajowy+Plan+Zarz%C4%85dzania+Kryzysowego%2C+aktualizacja+2020+cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87+A%2C+str.+3&form=ANNTH1&refig=fc4bf4462f754e24a8112d089b45a74a
Routledge, (2016). Drones and Responsibility: Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons. Edited by: DiNucci, E; DeSio, FS Book Series: ‏Emerging Technologies Ethics and International Affairs. ‏ 1-217 https://www.routledge.com/Drones-and-Responsibility-Legal-Philosophical-and-Socio-Technical-Perspectives/Nucci-Sio/p/book/9781138390669

Salmoral, G., Casado, M.R., Muthusamy, M., Butler, D., Menon, P.P., Leinster, P. (2020). Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Flood Emergency Response. In: Water Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 22 p. DOI: 10.3390/w12020521
Simona, T., Taupo, T. & Antunes, P., (2021). A Scoping Review on Agency Collaboration in Emergency Management Based on the 3C Model. Inf Syst Front (2021). [Cited 2021-02-14]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10099-0.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10796-020-10099-0.
Sovilj, D., Sovilj, M.P. (2017). Terrorism with drones - a new way of fighting? In Policija I Sigurnost-Police And Security Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 255-266. Ministry of Interior Republic Croatia, Police Academia, Av Gojka Suska 1, Zagreb, 10090, Croatia. Accession Number: WOS:000426576600006. SSN: 1330-0229, eISSN: 1848-428X. https://apps.webofknowledge.com/Search.do?product=WOS&SID=E2nz5txJjNfhOLCzizL&search_mode=GeneralSearch&prID=ac33226d-a049-4bb0-b98a-4e7d6d1e9857
US DOD. (2020). Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (2020, p. 101). US Department of Defense, As of December 2020. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf
US Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2017). Geospatial Intelligence in Joint Operations Joint Publication 2– 03.
https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp2_03_20170507.pdf
Wankmuller, C., Kunovjanek, M., Sposato, RG., Reiner, G. (2020). Selecting E-Mobility Transport Solutions for Mountain Rescue Operations. In Energies 2020, ENERGIES, Volume: 13 Issue: 24, 19 p. DOI: 10.3390/en13246613, 6613.
Opublikowane
2024-09-29
Jak cytować
[1]
Ostrowska, M., Pružinský, M. i Podlasiński, C. 2024. The Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Use in Crisis Management in Poland. Perspektywy Kultury. 46, 3 (wrz. 2024), 185-202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.35765/pk.2024.4603.14.