“Like a faithful daughter she cherishes and nourishes in herself the remnants of Holy Jerusalem, her mother”: Acre as a Center for Church Practices in the 12th and 13th Centuries
Keywords:
Holy Land, Acre, pilgrimages, crusades, Middle Ages
Abstract
In the history of Acre, located on the Syrian coast, the 12th and 13th centuries were of particular importance. Under the rule of the Crusaders, the city experienced a period of rapid demographic, economic, cultural, and religious growth. As the main port of the Kingdom of Jerusalem—and in the 13th century its capital as well—it was an important stop on the route of Latin pilgrims. Nevertheless, it was mentioned extremely rarely in the pilgrimage writings of that period, where information about the sites of worship in the city is scarce. This problem was noticed by Aryeh Graboïs and David Jacoby, but their attempts to explain this state of affairs need to be partly reexamined. The most important reason for the “silence of pilgrimage sources” about the city and its religious life seems to be the marginal presence of Acre in the pages of the Bible and its negligible place in the history of salvation.
References
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Connell, C.W. (2018). The fall of Acre in 1291 in the court of medieval public opinion. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls: Studies in the history of a Cru¬sader city (pp. 130–147). Leiden: Brill.
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Baldi, D. (1982). W Ojczyźnie Chrystusa. Przewodnik po Ziemi Świętej [In Christ’s homeland: A guide to the Holy Land]. Krakow–Assisi: Francis¬cans Publishing House.
Boas, A.J., & Melloni, G.P. (2018). New evidence for identifying the site of the Teutonic compound in Acre. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls: Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 69–89). Leiden: Brill.
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Connell, C.W. (2018). The fall of Acre in 1291 in the court of medieval public opinion. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls: Studies in the history of a Cru¬sader city (pp. 130–147). Leiden: Brill.
Crawford, P.F. (2018). Did the Templars lose the Holy Land? The military orders and the defense of Acre, 1291. In: J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls. Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 105–115). Leiden: Brill.
Davis, L.F. (1990). A twelfth-century pilgrim’s guide to the Holy Land: Bei¬necke MS. 481.77. Yale University Library Gazette, 65(1/2), 11–19.
Edbury, P. (2015). Reflections on the Mamluk destruction of Acre (1291). In G. Christ, E.-J. Morche, R. Zaugg, W. Kaiser, S. Burkhardt, & A.D. Bei¬hammer (Eds.), Union in separation, diasporic groups, and identities in the Eastern Mediterranean (1100-1800) (pp. 199–205). Rome–Viella.
Edgington, S.B. (2018). The capture of Acre, 1104, and the importance of sea power in the conquest of the littoral. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls. Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 13–29). Leiden: Brill.
Fidentio de Padua. (1913). Liber Recuperationis Terrae Sanctae. In G. Golubovich (Ed.), Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell’Oriente Francescano (Vol. II, pp. 9–60). Quaracchi: Collegio di S. Bonaventura.
Fleck, C.A. (2015). The Crusader loss of Jerusalem in the eyes of a thir¬teenth-century virtual pilgrim. In E. Lapina, A.J. Morris, S.A. Throop, & L.J. Whatley (Eds.), The Crusades and visual culture (pp. 131–156). Farn¬ham: Ashgate.
Forey, A.J. (1977). The military order of St. Thomas of Acre. The English His¬torical Review, 92(364), 481–503.
France, J. (2018). Introduction. In J. France, Acre and its falls. Studies in the his¬tory of a Crusader city, (pp. 1–12). Leiden: Brill.
Fulcher Carnotensis. (1913). Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127) (H. Hagen¬mayer, Ed.). Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.
Gertwagen, R. (1996). The Crusader port of Acre: Layout and problems of maintenance. In M. Balard (Ed.), Autour de la première croisade. Actes du Col¬loque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (Clermont- Ferrand, 22-25 juin 1995) (pp. 553–581). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
Gilmour-Bryson, A. (2018). The fall of Acre, 1291, and its effect on Cyprus. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls. Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 116–129). Leiden: Brill.
Godfrey of Beaulieu. (2012). The pilgrimage of Louis IX from Acre to Nazareth (March 1251). In D. Pringle (Ed.), Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291 (pp. 87–188). Farnham: Ashgate.
Graboïs, A. (1983). Les pèlerins occidentaux en Terre Sainte et Acre: d’Accon des croisés a Saint-Jean d’Acre. Studii medievali, Vol. 24, 247–264.
Hamilton, B. (1994). The impact of Crusader Jerusalem on Western Chris¬tendom. The Catholic Historical Review, 80(4), 695–713.
Hardwicke, M.N. (1969). The Crusader states 1192–1243. In R.L. Wolff & H.W. Hazard (Eds.), A history of the Crusades: Vol. II. The later Crusades 1189–1311 (pp. 522–556). Madison, WI—London: University of Wiscon¬sin Press.
Horbury, W. (2006). Beginnings of Christianity in the Holy Land. In O. Limor & G.G. Stroumsa (Eds.), Christians and Christianity in the Holy Land: From origins to the Latin Kingdoms (pp. 7–90). Turnhout: Brepols.
Hosler, J.D. (2018). Clausewitz’s wounded lion: A fighting retreat at the siege of Acre, November 1190. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls. Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 30–48). Leiden: Brill.
Jacobus de Vitry. (1597). Iacobi a Vitriaco, primum acconensis deinde tuscu¬lani episcopi: Vol. 2. Quorum prior Orientalis, sive Hierosolymitanae, alter Occidentalis Historia nomine inscribitur. Duaci: Officina Typographica Balthazaris Belleri.
Jacoby, D. (1993). Three notes on Crusader Acre. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 109(1), 83–96.
Jacoby, D. (2001). Pilgrimage in Crusader Acre: The Pardonus d’Acre. In Y. Hen (Ed.), De Sion exibit lex et verbum domini de Hierusalem: Essays on medieval law, liturgy, and literature in honor of Amnon Linder (pp. 105– 117). Turnhout: Brepols.
Jacoby, D. (2004). Society, culture, and the arts in Crusader Acre. In D.H. Weiss & L. Mahoney (Eds.), France and the Holy Land (pp. 97–137). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jacoby, D. (2005). Aspects of everyday life in Frankish Acre. Crusades, 4, 73–115.
Jacoby, D. (2014). Ports of pilgrimage to the Holy Land, eleventh–fourteenth century: Jaffa, Acre, Alexandria. In M. Bacci & M. Rohde (Eds.), The Holy Portolano: The sacred geography of navigation in the Middle Ages. Friborg Colloquium 2013 (pp. 51–72). Berlin–Munich–Boston: De Gruyter.
Jacoby, D. (2016). Evolving routes of Western pilgrimage to the Holy Land, eleventh to fifteenth century: An overview. In K. Herbers & H.C. Lehner (Eds.), On the road in the name of religion II: Ways and destinations in com¬parative perspective – Medieval Europe and Asia (pp. 75–97). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Jensen, J.M. (2018). Martyrs for the faith: Denmark, the Third Crusade and the fall of Acre in 1191. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls. Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 49–68). Leiden: Brill.
John of Würzburg. (1890). Description of the Holy Land (A. Stewart, Trans.). London: Adelphi.
Kühnel, B. (2006). The Holy Land as a factor in Christian art. In O. Limor & G.G. Stroumsa (Eds.), Christians and Christianity in the Holy Land: From origins to the Latin kingdoms (pp. 463–504). Turnhout: Brepols.
Limor, O. (2006). “Holy journey”: Pilgrimage and Christian sacred land¬scape. In O. Limor & G.G. Stroumsa (Eds.), Christians and Christianity in the Holy Land: From origins to the Latin kingdoms (pp. 321–354). Turn¬hout: Brepols.
Lotan, S. (2012). Querimonia desolacionis terre sancta: The fall of Acre and the Holy Land in 1291 as an emotional element in the tradition of Teu¬tonic Order. Mirabilia, 15, 47–55.
Lotan, S. (2019). Pilgrimage processions, religious sensibilities, and piety in the city of Acre in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Mirabilia/MedTrans, 10, 148–166.
Maier, C.T. (1998). Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the cross in the thirteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mruk, W. (2005). Loca peregrinationis terre sancte. Czternastowieczny przewod¬nik po Ziemi Świętej [Loca peregrinationis terre sancte: A fourteenth-cen¬tury guide to the Holy Land]. Krakow: Historia Iagellonica.
Mruk, W. (2017). Ciekawość w średniowiecznym piśmiennictwie związanym z pielgrzymowaniem do Ziemi Świętej [Curiosity in medieval literature related to pilgrimages to the Holy Land]. Czas Przeszły. Poznańskie Studia Historyczne, 4, 9–23.
Mylod, E.J. (2013). Latin Christian pilgrimage in the Holy Land, 1187–1291 [Doctoral dissertation submitted to the Institute for Medieval Studies, University of Leeds].
Painter, S. (1969). The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus. In R.L. Wolff & H.W. Hazard (Eds.), A history of the Crusades: Vol. II. The later Crusades 1189–1311 (pp. 45–86). Madison, WI–London: University of Wisconsin Press.
Paris, M. (1866–1869). Matthaei Parisiensis monachi Sanci Albani, Historia Anglorum, sive, ut vulgo dicitur Historia Minor (F. Madden, Ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Philip of Savona. (2012). Description of the Holy Land. In D. Pringle (Ed.), Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291 (pp. 321–360). Farnham: Ashgate.
Phocas, J. (1889). The pilgrimage of Joannes Phocas in the Holy Land (in the year 1185 AD) (A. Stewart, Trans.). London: Adelphi.
Pringle, D. (2009). The churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A cor¬pus – Vol. IV. The cities of Acre and Tyre with addenda and corrigenda to Volumes I–III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pringle, D. (2012). Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291. Farnham: Ashgate.
Ricoldus de Monte Crucis (1864). Fratris Ricoldo de Monte Crucis Ordinis Predicatorum Liber Peregrinationis. In J.C.M. Laurent (Ed.), Peregrina¬tores medii aevi quatuor (pp. 105–144). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs Bibliopola. (Original work written ca. 1290)
Ricoldus de Monte Crucis. (1884). Epistole V commentatoriae de perditi¬one Acconis 1291. In R. Röhricht (Ed.), Archives de l’Orient Latin, Pars II, Documents, Paris: Ernest Leroux (pp. 264–296). (Original work written ca. 1290)
Rorgo Fretellus de Nazareth. (1980). Descriptio de Locis Sanctis (1137). In P.C. Boeren (Ed.), Rorgo Fretellus de Nazareth et sa description de la Terre Sainte. Historie et Edition du Texte (pp. 6–44). Amsterdam–Oxford–New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Rubin, J. (2018a). John of Antioch and the perceptions of language and trans¬lation in thirteenth-century Acre. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls: Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 90–104). Leiden: Brill.
Rubin, J. (2018b). Learning in a Crusader city: Intellectual activity and intel¬lectual exchanges in Acre, 1191–1291. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Runciman, S. (1969). The Crusader States 1243–1291. In R.L. Wolff & H.W. Hazard (Eds.), A history of the Crusades: Vol. II. The later Crusades 1189–1311 (pp. 557–598). Madison, WI–London: University of Wiscon-sin Press.
Shagrir, I. (2012). The fall of Acre as a spiritual crisis: The letters of Riccoldo of Monte Croce. Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire/Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, 90, 1107–1120.
Shagrir, I. (2018). Thadeus of Naples on the fall of Acre. In J. France (Ed.), Acre and its falls: Studies in the history of a Crusader city (pp. 148–165). Leiden: Brill.
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Published
2020-12-20
How to Cite
[1]
Mruk, W. 2020. “Like a faithful daughter she cherishes and nourishes in herself the remnants of Holy Jerusalem, her mother”: Acre as a Center for Church Practices in the 12th and 13th Centuries. Perspectives on Culture. 30, 3 (Dec. 2020), 27-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3003.04.
Section
The Mediterranean Sea - The Center of the World or the Periphery?
Copyright (c) 2020 Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow
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