Typology of Male and Female Miniature Portrait in Elizabethan England
Abstract
The article provides the analysis of semantic and compositional features of the XVI century English miniature portraits. Most of these works are characterized by stylistic uniformity, the exact abidance of formal artistic principles by the master. However, some differences in the stylistic and compositional approach to the portrait are clearly visible in addition to the general similarity due to the established tradition and practice. It is possible to note technological differences in the creation of male and female images, based on the unique process of creating miniatures described by the Elizabethan artist N. Hilliard. The article presents examples that show the possibility of studying the English portrait miniature and its typology in terms of “male” and “female.” Characteristic differences are manifested not only in the drawing and color, but also in the degree of individualization of the portrait image. The program of the male portrait is semantically more diverse and indicates a growing interest in individuality at the Early Modern time.
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Autor, zgłaszając swój artykuł, wyraża zgodę na korzystanie przez Wydawnictwo Uniwersystet Ignatianum z utworu na następujących polach eksploatacji:
- utrwalania utworu w formie papierowej, a także na nośniku cyfrowym lub magnetycznym;
- zwielokrotnienia utworu dowolną techniką, bez ograniczenia ilości wydań i liczby egzemplarzy;
- rozpowszechniania utworu i jego zwielokrotnionych egzemplarzy na jakimkolwiek nośniku, w tym wprowadzenia do obrotu, sprzedaży, użyczenia, najmu;
- wprowadzenia utworu do pamięci komputera;
- rozpowszechniania utworu w sieciach informatycznych, w tym w sieci Internet;
- publicznego wykonania, wystawienia, wyświetlenia, odtworzenia oraz nadawania i reemitowania, a także publicznego udostępniania utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i czasie przez siebie wybranym.
Wydawca zobowiązuje się szanować osobiste prawa autorskie do utworu.
