The Role of Stakeholder Communication in Cultural Heritage Projects: the Case of the Wit Stwosz Altar

Keywords: St Mary’s Basilica in Kraków, Wit Stwosz altar, stakeholder communication, cultural heritage, project management, tangible assets

Abstract

The objective of this study is to explore how stakeholder communication was carried out during realization of one of the most important cultural heritage projects in Europe: “Comprehensive research and conservation work on the altar of Wit Stwosz, 1489,” carried out in St Mary’s Basilica in Kraków. The church, located in the Historic Centre of Kraków, celebrating the 800th anniversary of the funding of the parish in the years 20222026, was introduced on the first List of the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1978. The project reported in this paper started in October 2015 and was completed in February 2021, but it was launched in 20112012 with the establishment of the committee to evaluate the state of the altar, and the complete inventory in 2013 using 3D laser scanning. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in conservation activities from March till June 2020, the project was completed on time and with the scope scheduled. The research demonstrated that one of the key success factors was a properly designed and implemented communication strategy, addressing information needs of all the relevant stakeholders. Besides, the success resulted from the proper engagement and shared responsibility of internal stakeholders in communication processes with key external actors.

Author Biographies

Dariusz Raś, The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow

Assistant Professor, lecturer in Media History at the Institute of Journalism, Media and Social Communication at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow. Author of a book describing the communication aspect of the structure of the new exhibition in the family home of Karol Wojtyla – St. John Paul II in Wadowice – Muzeum wielu narracji [Museum of many narrations] and co-author of the book Ewangelicznie demokratyczna Polska. Śladami publicystyki ks. Ferdynanda Machaya [Evangelically democratic Poland. In the footsteps of Fr. Ferdinand Machay’s journalism]. Research interests: Media history, quality journalism, AI in journalism, mediosphere of cultural heritage sites, infoetics.

Marta Woźniak, The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow

Lecturer at the Institute of Journalism, Media and Social Communication at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow. Author of Świat wartości w krakowskiej prasie katolickiej. Dzwon Niedzielny 1925–19/9 [The World of Values in the Krakow Catholic Press. Dzwon Niedzielny 1925–19/9] and co-author of Ewangelicznie demokratyczna Polska. Śladami publicystyki ks. Ferdynanda Machaya [Evangelically democratic Poland. In the footsteps of Fr. Ferdynand Machay’s journalism]. Research interests: history of media, interwar press, Catholic press, media education.

Anna Prusak, Cracow University of Economics

Associate Professor and lecturer in Project Management at the Institute of Quality Science and Product Management at the Cracow University of Economics. Project manager, author of books such as Niespójność osądów w analitycznym procesie hierarchicznym [Inconsistency of judgments in analytical hierarchical proces], among others. Research interests: project management in cultural heritage sites, application of multi-criteria analysis in management processes.

References

Adamowicz, J. (2021). Ołtarz Wita Stwosza. Efekt zakończonych prac badawczych i konserwatorskich prowadzonych w latach 2015-2021 [The Wit Stwosz altar. The effects of completed research and conservation works carried out in 2015-2021]. Rocznik Krakowski, 87. [link: http://rk.tmhzk.krakow.pl/index.php?inf=dane/tomy_rocznika.php&sub=2]

Adler, P. S. (1995). Interdepartmental interdependence and coordination: The case of the design/manufacturing interface. Organization Science, 6(2), 147-167.

Alsulaimi, A., and Abdullah, T. (2020). Management of Stakeholder Communications in IT Projects. 3rd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS).

Assudani, R. and Kloppenborg, T. J. (2010). Managing Stakeholders for Project Management Success: An Emergent Model of Stakeholders. Journal of General Management, 35 (3), 67-80. DOI: 10.1177/030630701003500305.

Bonacini, E., Tanasi, D. and Trapani, P. (2018) Participatory Storytelling, 3D Digital Imaging and Museum Studies: A case study from Sicily. 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) held jointly with 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM 2018). [

Bonora, A. and Fabbri, K. (2021). Two new indices for preventive conservation of the cultural heritage: Predicted risk of damage and heritage microclimate risk. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 47, 208-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2020.09.006.

Brown, K. M., Huettner, B. and James- Tanny, C. (2007). Managing virtual teams: Getting the most from wikis, blogs, and other collaborative tools. Plano, TX: Wordware.

Butt, A., Naaranoja, M. and Savolainen, J. (2016). Project change stakeholder communication. International Journal of Project Management, 34 (8), 1579-1595. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.08.010.

Clayton, M. (2014). The Influence Agenda. A Systematic Approach to Aligning Stakeholders for Driving Change. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.

Davis, K. (2016). A method to measure success dimensions relating to individual stakeholder groups. International Journal of Project Management, 34 (3), 480-493. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.12.009.

Dieck, M. C. tom and Jung, T. H. (2017). Value of augmented reality at cultural heritage sites: A stakeholder approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(2), 110-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.03.002.

Edwards, P. J., Bowen, P. A., Hardcastle, C. and Stewart, P. (2009). Identifying and Communicating Project Stakeholder Risks. Construction Research Congress 2009.

Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S.L. and Majchrzak, A. (2011). Knowledge collaboration in online communities. Organisation Science, 22(5), 1124-1239. DOI: 10.2307/41303115.

Ghamouh, N. and Boulahlib, M. (2015). Cultural heritage digitization projects in Algeria. IFLA Journal, 41(3), 272-278. DOI: 10.1177/0340035215603994.

Guðlaugsson, B., Fazeli, R., Gunnarsdóttir, I., Davidsdottir, B., Stefansson, G. (2020). Classification of stakeholders of sustainable energy development in Iceland: Utilizing a power-interest matrix and fuzzy logic theory. Energy for Sustainable Development, 57, 168-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2020.06.006.

Guerriero, L., Napoli, M.D., Novellino, A., Martire, D. D., Rispoli, C., Lee, K., Bee, E., Harrison, A. and Calcaterra, D. (2022). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 55, 339-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.04.009.

Hirsenberger, H., Ranogajec, J., Vucetic, S. Lalic, B., and Gracanin, D. (2019). Collaborative projects in cultural heritage conservation – management challenges and risks. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 37, 215-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.006.

Hudson, S., and Hudson, R. (2013). Engaging with consumers using social media: A case study of music festivals. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(3), 206-223. DOI: 10.1108/IJEFM-06-2013-0012.

IPMA International Project Management Association (2009). Polskie Wytyczne Kompetencji Indywidualnych NCB 3.0. [Polish Individual Competence Baseline NCB 3.0].

IPMA International Project Management Association (2015). Polskie Wytyczne Kompetencji Indywidualnych ICB 4.0. [Polish Individual Competence Baseline ICB 4.0].

Jin, P. and Liu, Y. (2022). Fluid Space: Digitisation of Cultural Heritage and its Media Dissemination. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4198122.

Ketokivi, M. and Choi, T. (2014). Renaissance of case research as a scientific method. Journal of Operations Management, 32 (5), 232-240.

Koehler, I. and Raithel, S. (2018). Internal, external, and media stakeholders’ evaluations during transgressions. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. doi:10.1108/ccij-10-2017-0096 10.1108/ccij-10-2017-0096.

Lehtinen, J. and Aaltonen, K. (2020). Organizing external stakeholder engagement in inter-organizational projects: Opening the black box. International Journal of Project Management, 38, 85-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.12.001.

Marto, A., Gonçalves, A., Melo, M. and Bessa, M. (2022). A survey of multisensory VR and AR applications for cultural heritage. Computers & Graphics, 102, 426-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2021.10.001.

Mayfield, P. (2014). Engaging with stakeholders is critical when leading change. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(2), 68-72. DOI: 10.1108/ICT-10-2013-0064.

Mazur A.K. and Pisarski. A. (2015) Major project managers’ internal and external stakeholder relationships: The development and validation of measurement scales. International Journal of Project Management, 33 (8), 1680-1691. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.07.008.

McElroy, B. and Mills, Ch. (2014) Managing stakeholders. in R. Turner (Eds.), Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

McGrath, S. K. and Whitty, S. J. (2017). Stakeholder defined. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 10 (4), 721-748.

Molwus, J. J., Erdogan, B. and Ogunlana, S. (2017). Using structural equation modelling (SEM) to understand the relationships among critical success factors (CSFs) for stakeholder management in construction. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 24 (3), 426-450. DOI: 10.1108/ecam-10-2015-0161.

Moreno, M., Ortiz, R., Cagigas-Muñiz, D., Becerra, J., Martin, J.M., Prieto, A.J., Garrido-Vizuete, M.A., Macías-Bernal, J.M., Chávez, M.J. and Ortiz, P. (2022). ART-RISK 3.0 a fuzzy-based platform that combine GIS and expert assessments for conservation strategies in cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 55, 263-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.03.012.

Munjeri, D. (2004). Tangible and Intangible Heritage: from difference to convergence. Museum International, 56(1–2), 13-20. DOI: doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00453.x.

Nguyen, T.H.D., Chileshe, N., Rameezdeen, R. and Wood, A. (2019). Stakeholder influence strategies in construction projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 13 (1), 47-65. DOI: 10.1108/ijmpb-05-2018-0093.

Nicolas, S., Paquet, T. and Heutte, L. (2003). Digitizing cultural heritage manuscripts: the Bovary project. Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Document engineering - DocEng '03.

Olander, S. and Landin, A. (2005) Stakeholder engagement, discourse ethics and strategic management. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 39-49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00279.x.

Oliveira, G. F. de and Rabechini, R. Jr (2019). Stakeholder management influence on trust in a project: A quantitative study. International Journal of Project Management, 37 (1), 131-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.11.001.

Paolis, L. T. De, Chiarello, S., Gatto, C., Liaci, S. and Luca, V. De (2022). Virtual reality for the enhancement of cultural tangible and intangible heritage: The case study of the Castle of Corsano. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 27. DOI: 10.1016/j.daach.2022.e00238.

Pencakowski, P. (2021). Co „czas ochronił, a wieki i zdarzenia gwałtowne oszczędziły”. Refleksje nad dziejami Ołtarza Mariackiego [What "time has protected, and centuries and violent events have spared." Reflections on the history of St. Mary's Church Altar]. Rocznik Krakowski, 87, 39-65. [link: http://rk.tmhzk.krakow.pl/index.php?inf=dane/tomy_rocznika.php&sub=2]

PMI Project Management Institute (2021) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBoK 7th Edition.

Santosuosso, P. (2022). A satisfaction-based model for risk indexing in cultural heritage conservation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 57, 173-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.08.007.

Savage, G.T., Nix, T.W., Whitehead C. J. and Blair, J. D. (1991). Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5 (2), 61-75. DOI: 10.5465/ame.1991.4274682.

Silva, H. E. and Henriques, F. M. A. (2021). The impact of tourism on the conservation and IAQ of cultural heritage: The case of the Monastery of Jerónimos (Portugal). Building and Environment, 190. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107536.

Takagi, N. and Varajão, J. (2019). Integration of success management into project management guides and methodologies - position paper. Procedia Computer Science, 164, 366-372. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.195.

Turkulainen, V., Aaltonen, K. and Lohikoski, P. (2015). Managing Project Stakeholder Communication: The Qstock Festival Case. Project Management Journal, 46 (6), 74-91. DOI: 10.1002/pmj.21547.

UNESCO (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Adopted by the General Conference at its seventeenth session, Paris, 16 November 1972.

UNESCO (2003). Convention of the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Adopted by the General Conference at its seventeenth session, Paris, 17 October 2003.

Van de Ven, A., Delbecq A.L., Koenig R. Jr (1976). Determinants of Coordination Modes Within Organizations. American Sociological Review, 41(2), 322-338. DOI: 10.2307/2094477.

Vogler, D., Schranz, M. and Eisenegger, M. (2016). Stakeholder group influence on media reputation in crisis periods. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 21(3), 322-332. DOI: doi: 10.1108/ccij-01-2016-0003.

Walczy, Ł. (2012). Dzieje konserwacji ołtarza Wita Stwosza w kościele Mariackim w Krakowie [The history of the conservation of the Wit Stwosz altar in St. Mary's Church in Krakow]. Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii i Zabytków Krakowa.

Waters, R.D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A. and Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organisations are using Facebook. Public Relations Review, 35(09), 102-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.006.

Welch, M. and Jackson, P. R. (2007). Rethinking internal communication: a stakeholder approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 12 (2), 177-198. DOI: 10.1108/13563280710744847.

Winch, G. M. (2004). Managing project stakeholders. In P. W. G. Morris, and J. K. Pinto (Eds.), The Wiley guide to managing projects, 321-339. DOI: 10.1002/ 9780470172391.ch14.

Yastikli, N. (2007). Documentation of cultural heritage using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8 (4), 423-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2007.06.003.

Zwikael, O. Salmona, M., Meredith, J. and Zarghami, S.A. (2022). Enhancing project stakeholder communication under insufficient knowledge of project management concepts. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, DOI: 10.1108/ecam-02-2022-0154.

Published
2023-08-22
How to Cite
[1]
Raś, D., Woźniak, M. and Prusak, A. 2023. The Role of Stakeholder Communication in Cultural Heritage Projects: the Case of the Wit Stwosz Altar. Perspectives on Culture. 45, 2 (Aug. 2023), 447-472. DOI:https://doi.org/10.35765/pk.2024.4502.32.