Etyka i zarządzanie mediami w rumuńskim dziennikarstwie
analiza oparta na badaniu Worlds of Journalism
Abstrakt
Badanie opiera się na ankietach przeprowadzonych wśród 341 rumuńskich dziennikarzy w ramach Worlds of Journalism (dane zebrane w latach 2014–2015) oraz 365 dziennikarzy w ramach WJS3 (dane zebrane w latach 2022–2023), reprezentujących stacje telewizyjne i radiowe, gazety, serwisy internetowe, i niezależne redakcje. Koncentrując się na czterech podstawowych wartościach etycznych – standardach zawodowych, standardach etycznych z wyjątkami, etyce sytuacyjnej i osobistym osądzie – artykuł skupia się na zmianach w czasie i różnicach w stanowiskach wśród dziennikarzy niepełniących funkcji kierowniczych, średniego szczebla kierowniczego oraz najwyższego szczebla kierowniczego.
Bibliografia
Albarran, A.B. & Moellinger, T. (2018). Examining media management and performance: A taxonomy for initiating a research agenda. In K.-D. Altmeppen, C.A. Hollifield, & J. van Loon (Eds.), Value-oriented media management: Decision making between profit and responsibility (pp. 19–31). Springer.
Altmeppen, K.-D., Hollifield, C.A., & van Loon, J. (2017). Value-oriented media management: Decision making between profit and responsibility. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51008-8
Backholm, K. & Idås, T. (2024). Journalists and the Coronavirus. How Changes in Work Environment Affected Psychological Health During the Pandemic. Journalism Practice, 18(6), 1560–1576. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2098522
Botan, M. (2024). The Romanian Media System: Dynamics, Challenges, and Implications for Democracy. Media and Communication, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.7847
Bucholtz, I. (2020). “It Has to Be in One’s Head and Heart”: The Understanding of Journalism Ethics in Latvian Media. Journalism Studies, 21(3), 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1664316
Christians, C.G. Fackler, M., Kreshel, P.J., Brown, W.J., Feng, Y., Overton, H.K., & Richardson, K.B. (2024). Media Ethics. Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/b23243
Codul deontologic al jurnalistului profesionist [Professional Journalist’s Code of Ethics]. (2020). UZPR. https://uzpr.ro/Codul%20deontologic%202020.pdf (access: 12.01.2026).
Codul deontologic al ziariștilor profesioniști din România [The Code of Ethics for Professional Journalists in Romania]. (2018). UZPR. https://uzpr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Cod-deontologic-UZPR1687.pdf (access: 12.01.2026).
Codul Digi24 [The Digi24 Code]. (f.a.). [News]. Digi24.ro. https://www.digi24.ro/codul-digi24?__grsc=cookieIsUndef0&__grts=58951972&__grua=0104fc0a2c01b29b8d57cbea8dc3091f&__grrn=1 (ac-cess: 12.01.2026).
Coman, M., Matei, A., Milewski, N., & Șuțu, R.M. (2016). Country report: Jour-nalists in Romania. Worlds of Journalism Study. https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30967/1/Country_report_Romania.pdf (access: 12.01.2026).
Despa, O. (2026). Un an de la anularea alegerilor | Care este stadiul dosarelor care privesc destabilizarea ordinii constituționale [One Year Since the Election Annulment | What Is the Status of the Cases Concerning the Destabilization of the Constitutional Order]. Europa Liberă România. https://romania.europalibera.org/a/ce-fac-la-un-an-de-la-anularea-alegerilor-calin-georgescu-si-ceilalti-acuzati-de-manipularea-votului-in-favoarea-rusiei/33634646.html (access: 13.01.2026).
Europe—Central Asia: Romania. (2025). Rfs.org. https://rsf.org/en/country/romania (access: 10.01.2026).
Greck, R., Franzetti, A., & Altmeppen, K.-D. (2017). German Media Managers: A Survey on Their Origins, Careers, and Value Orientation. In K.-D. Altmeppen, C.A. Hollifield, & J. Van Loon (Ed.), Value-Oriented Media Management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51008-8
Hanitzsch, T., Ramaprasad, J., Lauk, E., Halliki, H.-L., Jan Fredrik, H., Jari, V., & Craft, S. (2019). Ethical Consideration: Journalists’ Perceptions of Profes-sional Practice. In T. Hanitzsch, F. Hanusch, J. Ramaprasad, & A.S. de Beer (Eds.), Worlds of journalism: Journalistic cultures around the globe (pp. 199–233). Columbia University Press.
Hujanen, J., Ruotsalainen, J., Vaarala, V., Lehtisaari, K., & Grönlund, M. (2023). Performing journalism. Making sense of ethical practice within local in-terloper media. Journalism, 24(12), 2668–2686. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221131626
Karlsson, M., Ferrer Conill, R., & Örnebring, H. (2023). Recoding Journalism: Establishing Normative Dimensions for a Twenty-First Century News Me-dia. Journalism Studies, 24(5), 553–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2161929
Ksiazek, T.B. (2019). Fragmentation of News Audience. In T.P. Vos, F. Hanusch, D. Dimitrakopoulou, M. Geertsema-Sligh, & A. Sehl (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (1 ed) (pp. 1–4). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0049
Lauerer, C. & Grünewald, M. (2021). WJS3 methodology report. Worlds of Journalism Study. https://www.worldsofjournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/WJS3-Report-WJS3-Methodology.pdf (access: 22.03.2026).
Marica, I. (2025, February 28). Romania downgraded to „hybrid regime” in new democracy index. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-hybrid-regime-democracy-index-2024 (access: 12.01.2026).
Mast, C. (Ed.). (2018). Responsabilitatea în jurnalism [Responsibility in Jour-nalism] (E. Petala, Trad.). In ABC-ul jurnalismului. Un Manual [In The ABC of Journalism. A Manual]. Konrad Adenuauer-Stifung e.V.
McCoy, L. (2004). Ethical practice. In J. Johnston & C. Zawawic (Eds.), Public relations practice (2nd ed) (pp. 104–133). Allen & Unwin.
Michailidou, A., & Trenz, H.-J. (2021). Rethinking journalism standards in the era of post-truth politics: From truth keepers to truth mediators. Me-dia, Culture & Society, 7, 1340–1349. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211040669
Nicola, A., Călin, O., Anghel, G., & Oprea, B. (2023). Romania: Four develop-ment phases, one struggle to survive in a liberal market (Vol. 18). Peter Lang.
Oprea, B. & Anghel, G. (2025). În prima line: Siguranța jurnaliștilor între risc și amenințări [Journalists’ Safety Between Risk and Threats]. In Jurnalism sub presiune. O analiză a riscurilor și incertitudinilor profesiei [Journalism Un-der Pressure. An Analysis of the Profession’s Risks and Uncertainties] (pp. 151–199). Tritonic.
Oso, L., Adeniran, R., & Arowolo, O. (2024). Journalism ethics: The dilemma, social and contextual constraints. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2328388. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2328388
Patching, R., & Hirst, M. (2021). Journalism Ethics at the Crossroads: Democ-racy, Fake News, and the News Crisis (1 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429242892
Perreault, M.F., & Perreault, G.P. (2021). Journalists on COVID-19 Journalism: Communication Ecology of Pandemic Reporting. American Behavioral Sci-entist, 65(7), 976–991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221992813
Posetti, J., Bell, E., & Brown, P. (2020). Journalism & the pandemic: A global snapshot of impacts (International Center for Journalists & Tow Center for Digital Journalism). Free Press Unlimited. https://www.icfj.org/our-work/journalism-and-pandemic-survey (access: 22.03.2026).
Radu, R., & Thiemann, A. (2017). Romanian Press Self Regulation—Journalist’s Statute and Code of Ethics. Jurnalism și Comunicare, 4(1), 3–10. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3089282
Radu, R. (2023, June 14). Romania. The Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023/romania (access: 12.01.2026).
Radu, R. (2024, June 17). Romania. The Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2024/romania (access: 12.01.2026).
Radu, R. (2025, June 17). Romania. The Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2025/romania (access: 12.01.2026).
Redacția Libertatea: Niciun ziar independent, nepedepsit. Am fost anunțați azi că se fac restructurări masive. „20% dintre jurnaliști vor fi concediați”, a spus CEO Ringier România, Dan Puica [Libertatea Newsroom: No Inde-pendent Newspaper Goes Unpunished. We Were Announced Today of Massive Restructuring. “20% of Journalists Will Be Laid Off,” Said Ringier Romania CEO, Dan Puica]. (2023). Libertatea.ro. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/redactia-libertatea-niciun-ziar-independent-nepedepsit-am-fost-anuntati-azi-ca-se-fac-restructurari-masive-20-dintre-jurnalisti-vor-fi-concediati-a-spus-ceo-ringier-romania-dan-4740678 (access: 12.01.2026).
Report//The State of the Press in Romania: Non-Transparent Funding, Har-assment, Deprofessionalization, and Fatigue. (2024). https://media-azi.md. https://media-azi.md/en/raport-starea-presei-din-romania-finantare-netransparenta-hartuiri-deprofesionalizare-si-oboseala/ (access: 12.01.2026).
Șuțu, R.M. (2025). Ethical challenges for journalists. Findings from the World of Journalism Study project. Romanian Journal of Journalism and Com-munication, 20(2), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.62229/rjjc20/2_25/2
Toma, B. (2024). The state of Mass Media in Romania. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. https://www.freiheit.org/publikation/state-mass-media-romania (access: 10.01.2026).
Tolontan, C. (2023). Michael Ringier: „Libertatea reprezintă integritatea jurnalistică”. După ce ziariștii au cerut stoparea imixtiunilor în editorial, Ringier a anunțat concedierea a 20% din redacție [Michael Ringier: “Liber-tatea Represents Journalistic Integrity”. After Journalists Demanded an End to Editorial Interference, Ringier Announced the Layoff of 20% of the Newsroom]. Tolo.ro. https://www.tolo.ro/2023/12/09/michael-ringier-libertatea-reprezinta-integrita-tea-jurnalistica-dupa-ce-ziaristii-au-cerut-stoparea-imixtiunilor-in-editorial-ringier-a-anuntat-concedierea-a-20-din-redactie/ (access: 12.01.2026).
Tsetsura, K. & Valentini, C. (2016). The “Holy” Triad in Media Ethics: A Conceptual Model for Understanding Global Media Ethics. Public Rela-tions Review, 42(4), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.03.013
Vasilendiuc, N. (2010). The social-professional portrait of Romanian journal-ists. Romanian Review of Journalism and Communication, 4, 5–14.
Vasilendiuc, N., Anghel, G., Bardan, A., Fiscutean, A., Ionescu, C., Matei, A., Oprea, B., & Șuțu, R.M. (2025). Country report: Romania. In WJS3 country reports (Worlds of Journalism Study). Worlds of Journalism Association. https://www.worldsofjournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/WJS3-Report-Country-Reports-Romania.pdf (access: 12.01.2026).
WJS2: 2012–2016. (n.d.). Background. https://www.worldsofjournalism.org/wjs2/ (access: 12.03.2026).
Worlds of Journalism Study. (2012, February 14). Field manual: Instructions for field research. https://www.worldsofjournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/Field_Manual_1.3-1.pdf (access: 12.03.2026).
Copyright (c) 2026 Uniwersytet Ignatianum w Krakowie

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Autor, zgłaszając swój artykuł, wyraża zgodę na korzystanie przez Wydawnictwo Uniwersystet Ignatianum z utworu na następujących polach eksploatacji:
- utrwalania utworu w formie papierowej, a także na nośniku cyfrowym lub magnetycznym;
- zwielokrotnienia utworu dowolną techniką, bez ograniczenia ilości wydań i liczby egzemplarzy;
- rozpowszechniania utworu i jego zwielokrotnionych egzemplarzy na jakimkolwiek nośniku, w tym wprowadzenia do obrotu, sprzedaży, użyczenia, najmu;
- wprowadzenia utworu do pamięci komputera;
- rozpowszechniania utworu w sieciach informatycznych, w tym w sieci Internet;
- publicznego wykonania, wystawienia, wyświetlenia, odtworzenia oraz nadawania i reemitowania, a także publicznego udostępniania utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i czasie przez siebie wybranym.
Wydawca zobowiązuje się szanować osobiste prawa autorskie do utworu.
