Gender Identification in the Russian Cultural Discourse
From the Middle Ages to Enlightenment
Abstract
The article examines the process of transformation of ideas about gen- der identity on the material of Russian culture 16th and the beginning of the 18th century. The main goal of the work is the analysis and description of differences in the concept of gender and age characteristics, as well as the description and analysis of the process of the formation of female dis- course as independent. According to the authors of the study, the identi- fication of a man and a woman from the point of view of belonging to the home (gender, family) as a whole, which is belong to traditional culture, does not imply an independent gender identity, but only a functional one. At the same time, the fixation of the functions of the wife and husband, as well as servants and children (“Domostroy”) leads to the fact that the cus- tom acquires a normative character and, as a result, each of the functions acquires legal independence, which makes it possible, on the one hand, to transfer the structure of the home (as the relationship of functions) to other cultural phenomena (for example, the state), as A. Kurbsky does, and on the other hand, suppose the independence of individual functions, the possibility of their absence in the system, the features of such point of view are demonstrated by Ivan IV, although on the whole they retain traditional semantic patterns. But it is this approach that allows independent female images to emerge in the 17th century in the person of the teachers of the schismatic Morozova and Urusova or princess Sophia. At the beginning of the 18th century, a complete reformatting of the cultural sphere takes place and one can speak of an independent female discourse, like the male one. In the second half of the 18th century, a man and a woman were already perceived separately, although, for example, for M. Shcherbatov it was the result of damage to morals.
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