Developing Students’ Readiness for Musical Improvisation in the Context of Selected Assumptions of Edwin E. Gordon’s Music Learning Theory
Abstract
The article is an attempt to highlight selected assumptions of Edwin E. Gordon’s music learning theory in the context of developing readiness for music improvisation at school and outside school. Improvisation is, in this case, understood as one of the instruments of interpersonal communication, which can be developed through musical dialogue using tonal and rhythm patterns. The article is also a subjective presentation of the values inherent in the theory of music learning in the context of developing the above-mentioned readiness for music improvisation in students of different ages. Developing readiness for musical improvisation involves assimilating tonal and rhythm patterns into the students’ musical vocabulary so that they can participate in musical dialogue with others. This happens thanks to students’ active experience of music in an individual and social context. In developing readiness for musical improvisation, the student begins by actively listening, repeating and assimilating musical motifs, which, in music, are the starting point for complex mental operations related to musical audiation, which, to a musician, is what thinking is to language. The effect of applying the concept of improvisation suggested in the theory of music learning will be to increase the creative, expressive and improvisational activity of students in the process of music education and to develop the tonal, rhythm and melodic vocabulary necessary to independently undertake creative and improvisational activity with full awareness, taking into account the processes of musical audiation.
References
Abeles, H. F., Hoffer, Ch. R., & Klotman, R. H. (1994). Foundations of music education (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Alfred, D. M. (2021). Speaking music: A historical study of Edwin Gordon’s music learning theory. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports, 11534. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/11534
Azzara, C. D. (1993). Audiation-Based improvisation techniques and elementary instrumental students’ music achievement. Journal of Research in Music Education, 41(4), 328–342. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345508
Azzara, C. D. (1999). An aural approach to improvisation. Music Educators Journal, 86(3), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/3399555
Azzara, C. D., & Grunow, R. F. (2006). Developing musicianship through improvisation. Book 1 – Vocal edition. GIA Publications.
Beckstead, D. (2013). Improvisation: Thinking and playing music. Music Educators Journal, 99(3), 69–74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23364264
Biasutti, M. (2017). Teaching improvisation through Processes: Applications in Music education and implications for general education. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00911
Bonna, B. (2005). Rodzina i przedszkole w kształtowaniu umiejętności muzycznych dzieci. Zastosowanie koncepcji Edwina E. Gordona. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Bonna, B. (2016). Zdolności i kompetencje muzyczne uczniów w młodszym wieku szkolnym. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Burczyk, I. (2016). Głos w muzykoterapii. Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce, 11(3/41), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.14632/eetp.2016.11.41.225
Çenberci, S., & Tufan, E. (2023). Effect of music education based on Edwin E. Gordon’s theory on children’s developmental music aptitude and social emotional learning skills. International Journal of Music Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/02557614231196973
Chodkowski, A. (Ed.). (2001). Encyklopedia muzyki. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Colwell, R., & Abrahams, F. (2021). Edwin Gordon’s contribution: An appraisal. Visions of Research in Music Education, 16, 6. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/vrme/vol16/iss2/6
Edmund, D. C., & Keller, E. C. (2019, November 1). A way of being in music: Guiding principles for improvisation in the general music classroom. National Association for Music Education. https://nafme.org/blog/guiding-principles-improvisation-general-music-classroom
Elliot, D. (1995). Music matters: A new philosophy of music education. Oxford University Press.
Ferand, E. T. (1940). Improvisation in music history and education. Papers of the American Musicological Society, 115–125. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43873094
Gardner, H. (2002). Inteligencje wielorakie. Teoria w praktyce (A. Jankowski, Trans.). Media Rodzina.
Gnitecki, J. (2008). Eksplikacja pojęcia „przedmiot badań pedagogiki”. In K. Rubacha (Ed.), Konceptualizacje przedmiotu badań pedagogiki (pp. 13–46). Oficyna Wydawnicza „Impuls”.
Gordon, E. E. (1989). Audiation, music learning theory, music aptitude, and creativity. Suncoast Music Education Forum on Creativity, 75–81. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED380341.pdf
Gordon, E. E. (1997). Umuzykalnianie niemowląt i małych dzieci. Teoria i wskazówki praktyczne (A. Kuchtowa & A. Zielińska, Trans.). Zamiast Korepetycji.
Gordon, E. E. (1998). Harmonic improvisation readiness record and rhythm improvisation readiness record. GIA Publications.
Gordon, E. E. (1999a). All about audiation and music aptitudes. Music Educators Journal, 86(2), 41–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3399589
Gordon, E. E. (1999b). Sekwencje uczenia się w muzyce. Umiejętności, zawartość i motywy. Teoria uczenia się muzyki (A. Zielińska-Croom & E. Klimas-Kuchtowa, Trans.). Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna.
Gordon, E. E. (2001). Music aptitude and related tests. GIA Publications.
Gordon, E. E. (2008). Clarity by comparison and relationship: A bedtime reader for music educators. GIA Publications.
Gordon, E. E. (2012). Learning sequences in music: Skill, content, and patterns. GIA Publications.
Gordon, E. E. (2016). Teoria uczenia się muzyki. Niemowlęta i małe dzieci (E. Klimas-Kuchtowa, Trans.). Harmonia Universalis.
Grashel, J. (1991). A review of selected studies using Gordon’s audiation theory. Applications of Research in Music Education, 10(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/875512339101000107
Gutek, G. L. (2003). Filozoficzne i ideologiczne podstawy edukacji (A. Kacmajor & A. Sulak, Trans.). Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hanson, J. (2019). Meta-Analytic evidence of the criterion validity of Gordon’s music aptitude tests in published music education research. Journal of Research in Music Education, 67(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429418819165
Hart, J. T. (2014). Guided metacognition in instrumental practice. Music Educators Journal, 101(2), 57–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43288923
Hickey, M., & Webster, P. R. (2001). Creative thinking in music. Music Educators Journal, 88(1), 19–23.
Jankowski, W. (2010). Pięć tez przeciw deprecjacji muzyki w szkole. In A. Białkowski, M. Grusiewicz & M. Michalak, D. Szwarcman (Ed.), Edukacja muzyczna w Polsce. Diagnozy, debaty, aspiracje (pp. 131–140). Fundacja „Muzyka Jest dla Wszystkich”.
Kierzkowski, M. (2010). Analiza wybranych czynników warunkujących rozwój muzyczny dziecka. Sztuka. Kultura. Edukacja. Rocznik Naukowy, 1, 16–29.
Kołodziejski, M. (2011). Koncepcja Edwina E. Gordona w powszechnej edukacji muzycznej. Wydawnictwo PWSZ.
Kołodziejski, M. (2012). Muzyka i wielostronna edukacja dziecka. Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Lingwistycznej.
Kołodziejski, M. (2022). Wybrane refleksje nad audiacją gordonowską. Roczniki Humanistyczne, 70(12), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.18290/rh227012.18
Kołodziejski, M., & Pazur, B., (2020). Do improwizacji „kuchennymi schodami” w kontekście pedagogiki muzycznej Edwina E. Gordona. Ars Inter Culturas, 9, 195–216.
Kołodziejski, M., & Pazur, B. (2022). Improwizacja jako rodzaj kreatywności muzycznej w świetle teorii uczenia się muzyki Edwina E. Gordona. Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce, 17(2/65), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2022.1765.02
Krasny, B. Z. (2020). Rozwój w świetle podstawowych kategorii myśli Johna Deweya. Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana, 23(1), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.12775/SPI.2020.1.008
Liperote, K. A. (2006). Audiation for beginning instrumentalists: Listen, speak, read, write. Music Educators Journal, 93(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3693430
Majzner, R. (2017). Wybrane kierunki optymalizacji edukacji muzycznej w klasach początkowych szkoły podstawowej w opiniach studentów. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas. Pedagogika, 14, 203–213.
McCarthy, M., & Goble, J. S. (2002). Music education philosophy: Changing times. Music Educators Journal, 89(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/3399880
Miner, B. (2007). Fostering musical creativity in the elementary classroom. Inquiry Journal, 8. https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=inquiry_2007
Navarro Ramón, L., & Chacón-López, H. (2021). The impact of musical improvisation on children’s creative thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100839
Pérez-Ibáñez, I. (2018). Dewey’s thought on education and social change. Journal of Thought, 52(3–4), 19–31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026735
Przybylska-Zielińska, A. (2023). Zdolności muzyczne i kompetencje wokalne uczniów klas pierwszych szkoły podstawowej w kontekście założeń teorii uczenia się muzyki Edwina E. Gordona. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Wydział Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego.
Reimer, B. (1991). A philosophy of music education. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 49(3), 279–280.
Reimer, B. (2022). A philosophy of music education: Advancing the vision (3rd ed.). State University of New York Press.
Schön, D. A. (1992). The theory of inquiry: Dewey’s legacy to education. Curriculum Inquiry, 22(2), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.2307/1180029
Shuler, S. C. (2021). A critical examination of the contributions of Edwin Gordon’s music learning theory to the music education profession. Visions of Research in Music Education, 16, 7. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/vrme/vol16/iss2/7
Shuter, R. (1969). Some problems in psychology of musical ability. Journal of Research in Music Education, 17(1), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3344193
Sloboda, J. A. (1999). Emocje i znaczenie w przekazie muzycznym – perspektywy psychologiczne (A. Miśkiewicz, Trans.). In J. A. Sloboda, Poznanie, emocje i wykonanie. Trzy wykłady z psychologii muzyki (pp. 31–48). Wydawnictwo AMFC.
Sloboda, J. A. (2002). Umysł muzyczny. Poznawcza psychologia muzyki (A. Białkowski, E. Klimas-Kuchtowa & A. Urban, Trans.). Wydawnictwo AMFC.
Toropova, A. V., Gadzhieva, Z. S., & Malukhova, F. V. (2016). Musicality: A phenomenon of nature, culture and identity. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(5), 1373–1382. https://www.iejme.com/article/musicality-a-phenomenon-of-nature-culture-and-identity
Trzos, P. A. (2009). Preferencje barwy dźwięku i zdolności muzyczne w nauce gry na instrumencie dętym. Badania edukacyjne nad adaptacją teorii uczenia się muzyki EE Gordona. Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Wydział Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny w Kaliszu, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koninie.
Trzos, P. A. (2018). Umiejętności audiacyjne uczniów na etapie edukacji wczesnoszkolnej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Valerio, W. (n.d.). The Gordon approach: Music learning theory. The Alliance for Active Music Making. https://www.allianceamm.org/resources/gordon
Woodford, P. G. (1996). Evaluating Edwin Gordon’s music learning theory from a critical thinking perspective. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 4(2), 83–95.
Woody, R. H. (2012). Playing by ear: Foundation or frill? Music Educators Journal, 99(2), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432112459199
Copyright (c) 2024 Elementary Education in Theory and Practice
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- When submitting a text, the author declares that he/she is the Author of the article (hereinafter referred to as the “Work”) and:
- he/she owns the exclusive and unlimited copyright to the Work,
- is entitled to dispose of the copyright to the Work.
Declares that it does not infringe any third party copyrights or legal rights.
Declares that there is no conflict of interest.
2. At the same time, the Author grants the Ignatianum University in Cracowa royalty-free, non-exclusive and territorially unlimited licence to use the Work in the following fields of exploitation:
- recording the Work in a hard copy, as well as on a digital or magnetic medium;
- reproduction of the Work using any technique, without limitation of the number of editions or copies;
- distribution of the Work and its copies on any medium, including marketing, sale, lending, and rental;
- introduction of the Work into a computer memory;
- disseminating the Work in information networks, including in the Internet;
- public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and re-broadcasting, as well as making the Work available to the public in such a way that everyone can have access to it at a time and place of their own choosing;
- within the scope of dependent rights to the Work, including in particular the right to make necessary changes to the Work resulting from editorial and methodical development, as well as to translate the Work into foreign languages;
The licence is granted from the moment of the transfer of the Work to the Ignatianum University in Cracow. The Ignatianum University in Cracow is entitled to grant further sub-licences to the Work within the scope of the right granted. The licence is time-limited and it is granted for a period of 15 years, starting from the date of its granting.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish their text online (e.g. in their institution’s repository or on the institution’s website) before or during the submission process as this may lead to beneficial exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published text (See The Effect of Open Access). We recommend using any of the following portals of research associations:
- ResearchGate
- SSRN
- Academia.edu
- Selected Works
- Academic Search